Introduction
In the contemporary landscape of theology and spirituality, the term "deconstruction" has gained significant traction, particularly among liberal churchgoers. The philosopher Jacques Derrida (1930–2004) defined deconstruction as the critical examination and dismantling of established beliefs, structures, and systems. While deconstruction has its merits in challenging stagnant paradigms and encouraging critical thinking, there is a need for a complementary approach that focuses on reconstruction rather than solely on deconstruction. In this article, we explore the imperative of reconstructing one's faith amidst the currents of deconstruction, drawing insights from various philosophical traditions and theological perspectives.
Amidst the fervor of deconstruction, the call for reconstruction echoes with urgency. While deconstruction unveils the limitations and inconsistencies within established frameworks, it risks leaving us adrift in a sea of skepticism and uncertainty. Reconstruction offers a guiding light, inviting us to not only critique but also to envision and build anew. It encourages the cultivation of a resilient faith that integrates newfound insights with enduring truths, fostering a sense of coherence and purpose. Through engagement with diverse philosophical traditions and theological perspectives, our journey of reconstruction becomes a dynamic process of synthesis and transformation, empowering individuals to forge a faith that resonates deeply with their evolving understanding of the divine and the human experience. In navigating the tensions between deconstruction and reconstruction lies the potential for a richer, more vibrant spirituality that embraces critique and creativity, skepticism and hope.
Understanding Deconstruction
It is essential to grasp the essence of deconstruction to continue our exploration, as Jacques Derrida delineated it. In essence, deconstruction involves identifying binary oppositions within texts, ideologies, or systems and the subsequent destabilization of these oppositions. Derrida emphasized the fluidity and ambiguity inherent in language and meaning, urging readers to recognize the intrinsic complexities and diversity of interpretations.
Throughout history, philosophers and theologians have grappled with questions of truth, knowledge, and existence, laying the groundwork for contemporary discussions on deconstruction and reconstruction. Figures such as Socrates (469–399 BC), Plato (427–347 BC), and Aristotle (384–322 BC) initiated inquiries into the nature of reality and human understanding, shaping subsequent philosophical discourse. René Descartes (1596–1650), with his methodological "Cartesian doubt," paved the way for modern skepticism, while Immanuel Kant's (1724–1804) critical philosophy highlighted the limitations of human reason.
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel's (1770–1831) dialectical approach emphasized the interconnectedness of ideas and the evolution of thought through thesis, antithesis, and synthesis. Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914) introduced pragmatic philosophy, emphasizing the practical consequences of beliefs and ideas. Jean-Jacques Rousseau's (1712–1778) critique of societal structures and Karl Marx's (1818–1883) analysis of power dynamics laid the groundwork for sociopolitical deconstruction. Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900) challenged established values and beliefs by critiquing traditional morality.
In the twentieth century, figures such as Emmanuel Levinas (1906–1995), Edmund Husserl (1859–1938), and Martin Heidegger (1889–1976) further expanded philosophical discourse, addressing existential questions and phenomenological inquiries. Their insights into human consciousness, intersubjectivity, and being in the world contribute to contemporary reflections on faith and spirituality.
Stations of Deconstruction
In "Stations of the D/R Journey" (Ch. 2) of Religious Refugees: (De)Constructing toward Spiritual and Emotional Healing (Quoir, 2020), Mark Gregory Karris lists eight of them:
Feeling at Home: This initial stage represents a sense of belonging and comfort within one's religious community. It encompasses feelings of familiarity, security, and identity associated with being part of a religious group.
Splinterhood: As individuals begin to question or challenge aspects of their faith or experience conflicts within their religious community, they may enter the stage of "splinterhood." This phase involves fracturing beliefs or relationships within the spiritual framework, leading to a sense of fragmentation and discord.
"To Be or Not to Be": This stage reflects the pivotal moment of decision-making and introspection, where individuals grapple with either remaining within their religious community or embarking on a journey of departure and self-discovery. It involves profound existential questioning and soul-searching.
Returning Home Different: This stage begins a transformative journey for those who choose to leave their religious affiliations. It entails returning to familiar environments or memories but with a newfound perspective or identity, symbolizing the shift in worldview and self-awareness.
Disorientation: Leaving behind the structures and beliefs of one's religious community can lead to a profound sense of disorientation and loss. This stage involves navigating uncertainty, confusion, and a feeling of being adrift as individuals redefine their sense of purpose and meaning.
Angstville: As individuals confront the existential challenges and emotional turmoil inherent in their journey of religious disengagement, they may find themselves in a state of profound angst or anxiety. This stage involves existential questions, doubts, and fears about the future.
Farewell & Goodbye: In this stage, individuals bid farewell to their former religious identities and communities, acknowledging the significance of the chapter they are closing. It involves letting go, mourning losses, and finding closure as they prepare to move forward on their journey.
Extreme Makeover—Home Edition: The final stage represents a profound transformation and reclamation of self. It involves rebuilding one's sense of identity, values, and purpose outside the confines of religious affiliation. Like a home undergoing a radical makeover, individuals emerge from this stage with a renewed sense of authenticity, agency, and resilience.
These stages collectively represent the complex emotional, psychological, and existential terrain traversed by religious refugees as they navigate the disengagement, healing, and self-reconstruction process. Through this framework, Karris provides insight into the challenges and opportunities inherent in such journeys, offering guidance and validation to those undergoing similar transitions.
Reconstruction of Faith
Amidst the currents of deconstruction, a pressing need arises for reconstructing one's faith. Reconstruction involves dismantling existing beliefs and actively renewing and revitalizing theological frameworks. It necessitates a reevaluation of scripture, tradition, and community within the context of contemporary challenges and insights. The recent trend of deconstruction among "eXvangelicals" (i.e., ex-Evangelicals) often represents a rebranding of theological liberalism that has manifested in various forms throughout history—the "social gospel," "neo-orthodoxy," and the "emerging/emergent church." While deconstruction may serve as a catalyst for critical reflection, it must be accompanied by a constructive vision that affirms the core tenets of the Christian faith. Amid the pervasive deconstruction trend, the imperative of reconstructing faith emerges as a vital counterbalance. While deconstruction rightfully challenges entrenched beliefs and structures, reconstruction offers a pathway toward renewal, revitalization, and rediscovery within the Christian tradition. The reconstruction of faith involves more than mere intellectual reevaluation; it encompasses a holistic journey of spiritual growth, communal engagement, and ethical reflection. It calls us to delve deeply into the wellsprings of our tradition, drawing from the wisdom of scripture, the insights of theological inquiry, and the lived experiences of believers across time and space. The four ecumenical councils (Nicaea 325, Constantinople 381, Ephesus 431, and Chalcedon 451) and the early church leaders are good places to start.
Moreover, reconstruction invites us to embrace the dynamic nature of faith, recognizing that it is a living and evolving reality that continually adapts to our world's changing contexts and challenges. It beckons us to cultivate a robust yet adaptable faith rooted in the gospel's timeless truths while responsive to the pressing concerns of our age. In reconstruction, we are called to embody the core values of our faith—love, justice, compassion, and humility—in tangible ways that bear witness to the transformative power of God's grace. It challenges us to confront the injustices and inequalities that afflict our world, advocate for the marginalized and oppressed, and strive for the common good. However, that does not mean the ends justify the means, like how our secular world teaches us. Ultimately, the reconstruction of faith is an ongoing journey—a pilgrimage of the soul that unfolds over a lifetime. It is a journey of doubt, uncertainty, hope, and possibility. As we embark on this journey together, let us do so with courage and conviction, trusting in the guiding presence of the Holy Spirit, who leads us into all truth (see "Fruit & Gifts of the Spirit").
Stations of Reconstruction
In contrast to the "Stations of the D/R Journey," here are eight stations of reconstructing faith:
Feeling at Home: Similar to the corresponding station in the deconstruction journey, this stage represents a sense of belonging and comfort within one's faith community. However, in the context of reconstruction, it reflects a renewed sense of connection and resonance with one's faith tradition or spiritual path. Individuals may rediscover the beauty and depth of their religious or spiritual heritage, finding solace and support within the community.
Discernment: In the journey of reconstructing faith, discernment plays a crucial role. This stage involves deliberate reflection, exploration, and prayerful consideration as individuals discern the contours of their evolving faith. They may engage in theological study, spiritual practices, and conversations with mentors or spiritual guides to discern the values, beliefs, and practices that resonate most deeply with their spiritual journey.
"To Be": This stage mirrors the critical decision-making moment in the deconstruction journey but emphasizes the affirmative act of embracing one's faith or spiritual path. It involves a commitment to live authentically and intentionally within the framework of one's reconstructed faith, embracing the values, practices, and community that support spiritual growth and flourishing.
Returning Home: In contrast to the "Returning Home Different" stage in the deconstruction journey, this stage signifies a return to one's faith tradition or spiritual roots with renewed vigor and purpose. Individuals may rediscover the richness and depth of their spiritual heritage, finding inspiration and guidance in the teachings, rituals, and community of their faith tradition. Think about Jesus leaving the ninety-nine sheep to pursue the lost one (see Matt. 18:12-13; Luke 15:4, 7) or his parable about the lost son (see Luke 15:11-32).
Orientation: As individuals reconstruct their faith, they may experience a period of reorientation and integration. This stage involves aligning one's beliefs, values, and practices with the insights gained through the process of discernment and reflection. It entails finding a sense of coherence and direction within one's spiritual journey and navigating the complexities of faith with clarity and conviction.
Joyville: This stage represents a celebration of the transformative power of reconstruction. Individuals may experience a profound sense of joy, gratitude, and fulfillment as they embrace their reconstructed faith and embody its values in their daily lives. Joyville symbolizes the deep sense of contentment and happiness that comes from living in alignment with the truth.
Hello & Welcome Back: In this stage, individuals extend a warm welcome to themselves as they embrace their reconstructed faith with open arms. It involves self-compassion, acceptance, and forgiveness for the doubts, struggles, and uncertainties endured throughout the journey of reconstruction. These people may find healing and wholeness as they embrace their authentic selves and renewed faith.
Extreme Makeover—Baptized & Reborn: Similar to the final stage in the deconstruction journey, this stage represents a profound transformation and renewal of faith. However, in the context of reconstruction, it emphasizes the sacramental aspect of rebirth and renewal within one's faith tradition. Individuals may undergo baptism and spiritual rebirth, symbolizing their commitment to living out their reconstructed faith with authenticity and dedication (see "Baptism: Immersed in Christ").
These stations collectively illustrate the dynamic process of reconstructing faith, encompassing moments of rediscovery, discernment, commitment, and celebration. In navigating this journey, individuals embark on spiritual growth, transformation, and renewal, finding depth, meaning, and purpose in their reconstructed faith.
Deconstruction & Discernment
Paul of Tarsus wrote, "Do not conform to the pattern of this world, but be transformed by the renewing of your mind. Then you will be able to test and approve what God's will is—his good, pleasing and perfect will" (Rom. 12:2). May the reconstruction of faith lead us ever closer to the heart of God and the fulfillment of his kingdom on earth as it is in heaven.
In Christian doctrine and theology, discernment and deconstruction represent two distinct approaches to understanding and engaging with beliefs and teachings.
Discernment: Discernment refers to the process of carefully evaluating and distinguishing truth from error, particularly within the framework of Christian faith. It involves seeking guidance from the Holy Spirit, prayer, studying scripture, and consulting trusted mentors or theologians to understand and apply biblical principles to various situations. Discernment emphasizes wisdom and spiritual insight in interpreting and discerning God's will and truth.
Deconstruction: Deconstruction, on the other hand, has gained popularity in recent years within theological circles, particularly in progressive or postmodern contexts. It involves critically examining and dismantling traditional beliefs, doctrines, and theological frameworks to uncover underlying assumptions, power dynamics, and cultural influences. Deconstruction challenges established interpretations and seeks to find alternative perspectives or truths that may have been marginalized or overlooked. It often involves questioning and reevaluating previously held convictions in light of new insights or experiences.
Paul admonished us, "Do not treat prophecies with contempt but test them all; hold on to what is good, reject every kind of evil" (1 Thess. 5:20-22). This verse underscores the importance of discernment within Christian practice. Believers are encouraged to test everything, which implies a critical examination of teachings, beliefs, and practices against the standard of truth found in scripture. However, it also emphasizes the importance of holding fast to what is good, indicating that not everything needs to be discarded in the discernment process. Instead, discernment involves sifting through various ideas and teachings to identify and embrace that which aligns with God's truth and goodness. This verse provides a basis for the practice of discernment within Christian theology and doctrine. Often, "eXvangelicals" conflate deconstruction with discernment—perhaps intentionally with some malice toward the historical deposit of faith.
Conclusion
In conclusion, reconstructing one's faith offers a transformative alternative to the deconstruction trend prevalent in contemporary theological discourse. Drawing upon insights from philosophy and theology, we are called to engage in a dialogue that honors critical inquiry and faithful commitment. As Francis of Assisi (1811–1226) eloquently stated, "Where there is doubt, faith." In embracing the imperative of reconstruction, we embark on a journey of rediscovery and renewal, anchored in the enduring truths of the Christian faith. In the turbulent seas of modernity, where waves of doubt and skepticism often threaten to overwhelm the faithful, the call to reconstruct one's faith emerges as a beacon of hope. While deconstruction rightly challenges the rigid structures and dogmas that may inhibit genuine spiritual growth, it is through reconstruction that we find the means to rebuild our faith on a foundation that withstands the tests of time and scrutiny. The reconstruction journey is not a mere intellectual exercise but a profoundly spiritual pilgrimage where individuals and communities wrestle with the complexities of scripture, tradition, and contemporary insights. It is a journey marked by humility as we acknowledge the limitations of our understanding and the diversity of perspectives within the body of Christ.
Amid societal upheavals and cultural shifts, the need for a robust and vibrant Christian witness has never been more pressing. Reconstruction invites us to reclaim the essence of our faith—the radical love, compassion, and justice embodied in the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. It beckons us to transcend the confines of denominational boundaries and theological labels, embracing an inclusive, compassionate, and transformative faith. As we navigate the challenges of our time, let us heed the wisdom of theologians, philosophers, and spiritual leaders who have gone before us. Let us draw inspiration from the rich tapestry of Christian tradition while remaining open to the promptings of the Holy Spirit, who continues to guide and renew the church. Let us embark on this reconstruction journey with courage and conviction, trusting in the promise of God's unfailing love and grace. Through reconstruction, we rediscover our faith's depth and richness and witness the gospel's transformative power in a world hungry for hope and redemption.
Prayer
Blessed are you, LORD our God, King of the universe; make me an instrument of your peace: where there is hatred, let me sow love; where there is injury, pardon; where there is discord, union; where there is error, truth; where there is doubt, faith; where there is despair, hope; where there is darkness, light; where there is sadness, joy. O divine Master, grant that I may not seek so much to be consoled as to console, to be understood, to understand, to be loved as to love. Because it is in giving that we receive, in forgiving that we are forgiven, and in dying that we are born to eternal life. Amen.
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